POWERHOUSE COLLECTION

Notes

This speech processor was lent to the Museum for display in the Engineering Excellence exhibition 2005-2006. Graeme Clark's father was a deaf man in a hearing family and society. He was a pharmacist and often had to ask his customers to 'speak up' about their medical problems - which embarrassed him and them. In 1967 Graeme embarked on a long journey towards fulfilling his dream of helping deaf people 'hear' the spoken word again. For ten years his research into electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve via an implant into the cochlea (a structure in the inner ear shaped like a snail shell) struggled along on animal experiments and university grant funding. In 1974 a telethon on Channel 10 in Melbourne generated enough funds to take his work to the prototype stage and test it in a human patient, Rod Saunders. The 'bionic ear' worked: Rod could perceive sound again. This demonstration encouraged the Australian government to finance commercialisation of the 'bionic ear'. The financing of the cochlear implant's manufacture and marketing became a remarkably successful joint venture. The three-way partnership was between researchers at the University of Melbourne, the federal government and a medical equipment exporter called Nucleus. This partnership led to the formation of a string of Cochlear enterprises in the US, Japan and Switzerland including Cochlear Pty Ltd in Australia. The Nucleus® 22, introduced in 1983, was the first use of a 22-channel implant. It allowed the user to distinguish a wide range of sound frequencies and became the world's most widely used cochlear implant system. Clinical trials from 1982 to 1984 in Australia and overseas culminated in 1985 when the Nucleus implant was given official approval for sale by the US Food and Drug Administraion. It was the first multi-electrode device to be approved by the US FDA and the second bionic ear of any type to be approved. By the early 1990s Cochlear Pty Ltd was making a profit and Professor Clark was earning royalties. In 1994, after 5 years of lobbying, the implant was approved by Japanese health insurance companies, opening up a market of up to 50 000 profoundly deaf people. The most recent implant introduced in 1999, Nucleus® 24 Contour, uses a pre-curved electrode. The electrode is made with the curved shape of the cochlea, improving the sound quality and simplifying surgery. Its speech processor incorporates the microphone and processor behind the ear, eliminated unnecessary wires. It won the Australian Design Award of the Year in 2000. By the end of the century there were over 24 000 Nucleus users in 50 countries worldwide, and the total time that all Nucleus systems had been in use was over 142 000 years (Nucleus implant years). Since 1988, Nucleus, including Cochlear, had been a wholly owned subsidiary of Pacific Dunlop. In 1995, Cochlear was sold by Pacific Dunlop and floated on the Australian Stock Exchange, as a publicly listed company. Who Did It? Key Organisations Cochlear Pty Ltd : R&D, design, manufacture University of Melbourne : R&D Nucleus Ltd : commercialised first implant Key People Graeme Clark : innovator, team leader Paul Trainor : manufacturer Reginald Ansett : Channel 10 owner (telethon) Further Reading The story of the bionic ear J Epstein Hyland House, Melbourne, 1989. Sounds from silence: Graeme Clark and the bionic ear story Graeme Clark Allen & Unwin, St Leonards, 2000